Philosophy of Borobudur


Borobudur is based on Buddhist philosophy, religion and cosmology. The temple symbolizes the sacred Mount Meru, which in Indian cosmology is situated in the center of the Universe. The temple also represents the core teachings in Buddhist doctrine, namely the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path and the three realms of existence: Kāmadhātu (the world of desire), Rupadhatu (the world of forms) and Arupadhatu (the world of formlessness).

The first realm is that of Kāmadhātu, or ‘Desire Realm’, and is depicted in 160 reliefs based on the text of the Mahakarmavibhangga, which is about the law of cause and effect (karma). This particular realm of existence resembles the life of a human being who has not yet developed a moral sense of responsibility. The reliefs of the Mahakarmavibhangga were discovered as late as 1885 when the first chairman of the ‘Archeologische Vereeniging van Jogjakarta (Archaeological Society of Yogyakarta), Jan Willem IJzerman, accidentally stumbled upon them in the hidden foot of the Borobudur while he was doing some reparation works on that part of the monument.

The second realm is Rūpadhātu, also known as ‘Form Realm’, in which man becomes more conscious of the meaning of life in regard to the fundamental basic principles of Buddhism, i.e. moral code of conduct. This realm of existence is depicted in a four-sided gallery which contains reliefs both on the inside and on the outside, as well as on the lower and upper parts of the wall. In order to view all these reliefs in the correct order, one has to walk four times clockwise (with the temple always on one’s right side) since each wall contains two series of reliefs (on top of each other).

            The third realm, that of Arūpadhātu, or ‘Formless Realm’, is reserved for the upper part of the Borobudur. Therefore, reaching the top of the Borobudur used to symbolize the realization of Enlightenment (Nirvāṇa) after having successfully passed through to the lower realms, which eventually leads one to the attainment of the highest goal. If one wishes to view all the reliefs that are depicted on this part of the temple one has to walk ten times clockwise (again, with the temple always on one’s right side), which is a total distance of nearly five kilometres.

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